"US and Them" The Future of Europe at Stake - Values Defining the EU Society and the Case of Community Immigration Policy.
HAAHTELA, JOHANNA (2003)
2003
Kansainvälinen politiikka - International Relations
Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta - Faculty of Social Sciences
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Hyväksymispäivämäärä
2003-08-27
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uta-1-12202
https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uta-1-12202
Sisällysluettelo
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: INTRODUCTION FOREWORD 3 1. THE PREMISES AND OBJECTIVES 4 2. DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS 8 2.1. Politics in Discourses 8 2.2. European Integration: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy 10 2.3. The Dismissal of Neofunctionalism and the Notion of Evolving Sovereignty 11 2.4. Security Today 13 2.5. Search for Identity 15 2.6. Values in Social Sciences and Political Theory 18 PART TWO: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 3. THE ENGLISH SCHOOL 21 3.1. The Three Traditions 22 3.2. Buzan’s Proposal for Reconvening the English School 28 3.3. Jørgensen’s critic 29 4. THE ENGLISH SCHOOL COURTS WITH THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 32 4.1. International Society and World Society Reconsidered 33 4.2. The Case of Europe 34 5. US AND THEM 37 5.1. Europe as a Concept - The Idea of Europe 38 5.2. European Identity Dilemma 40 5.3. Constructing Differences 45 6. ATTEMPTS TO APPREHEND THE OTHER 50 7. NEW EUROPEAN IDENTITY 55 7.1. Ethnic vs. Civic (Constitutional) Identity 58 7.2. Post-national Citizenship 62 PART THREE: ANALYSIS THE EU WOLRD SOCIETY AND VALUES IN THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 67 8. INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH SUBJECT: THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 67 8.1. Changing and Ageing Europe 68 8.2. The Evolution of Community Immigration Policy 72 8.3. The Scenario of Fortress Europe 76 9. VALUES OF THE EU IN THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 79 10. RESPONSES OF THE EU ON THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 85 10.1. Values Set Out in the CIP 85 10.2. Typification and Classification of the Other 92 10.3. European Civic Citizenship 95 11. TWO NATIONAL POLICIES: GERMANY AND FINLAND 96 PART FOUR: CONCLUSIONS 12. THE FUTURE OF EUROPE FROM AN IMMIGRANT’S PERSPECTIVE 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 ATTACHMENTS
Tiivistelmä
The purpose of this master’s thesis is to analyze the recent attempt of the English school to approach the European Union as regional international society where identification rests on common values. The future of the EU society is at stake since the Union is becoming more heterogeneous than before. Immigration is a very topical issue in Europe because of its ageing population, negative impacts of illegal immigration and the problems of third country nationals’ integration. Community immigration policy reveals the use of collectively agreed European values in real policy-making process. Since it is argued that the future of the EU is based on common values, the values presented in this policy disclose us the future of the Union from an immigrant’s perspective.
The theoretical framework is based on the work of English school, Ole Waever’s and Vilho Harle’s notions about Otherness and Gerard Delanty’s idea about post-national citizenship. The empirical material consists of Community immigration policy documents and immigration policy programs and plans of Germany and Finland. It was studied by reflecting principally the ideas from theoretical part, with the notion of discourses and with the methodology of typification.
There appears that the European Union can be comprehended as a regional international and world society where self-identification with values is vital for its common future. The clear implication is that the collective European identity cannot be based on dubious myths. Rather the self-identification should be founded on collective values that are declared in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. Multiculturalism and increasing presence of the ‘Other’ have profoundly transformed the EU transnational/world society. The European Commission desires to reduce tension between Us (EU citizens) and Them (third country nationals) by typifying the Others in the Community immigration policy documents, because Europeans apprehend the Others by the meaning they have for them. However, even though typification may reduce opposition to immigration, it does not remove the feeling of Otherness. The only way to diminish it is to identify with common values. Therefore European identity should be based on a normative value concept that unites all Europeans (both citizens and residents).
The values of the EU society are linked to economical and social interests. The documents reveal that even though the macro-economical values play significant part in the immigration policy formation on both levels, EU and national, the values of the Charter are included in these plans for the future of the EU as well. Even possibility to form a new kind of EU citizenship is mentioned by the Commission and the European Council.
From these arguments the thesis suggests that a post-national citizenship could provide a new normative model for collective European identity founded on two principles: recognition of the Charter’s values and the residency in the Union. This new form of EU citizenship should be the bedrock of the Community immigration policy. It would diminish the dichotomy between Us and Them and the need for typifications. Thus it would reduce reasons for racism but improve also the integration of third-country nationals in the Union. The future of the EU should include equally all residents of the Union.
The theoretical framework is based on the work of English school, Ole Waever’s and Vilho Harle’s notions about Otherness and Gerard Delanty’s idea about post-national citizenship. The empirical material consists of Community immigration policy documents and immigration policy programs and plans of Germany and Finland. It was studied by reflecting principally the ideas from theoretical part, with the notion of discourses and with the methodology of typification.
There appears that the European Union can be comprehended as a regional international and world society where self-identification with values is vital for its common future. The clear implication is that the collective European identity cannot be based on dubious myths. Rather the self-identification should be founded on collective values that are declared in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. Multiculturalism and increasing presence of the ‘Other’ have profoundly transformed the EU transnational/world society. The European Commission desires to reduce tension between Us (EU citizens) and Them (third country nationals) by typifying the Others in the Community immigration policy documents, because Europeans apprehend the Others by the meaning they have for them. However, even though typification may reduce opposition to immigration, it does not remove the feeling of Otherness. The only way to diminish it is to identify with common values. Therefore European identity should be based on a normative value concept that unites all Europeans (both citizens and residents).
The values of the EU society are linked to economical and social interests. The documents reveal that even though the macro-economical values play significant part in the immigration policy formation on both levels, EU and national, the values of the Charter are included in these plans for the future of the EU as well. Even possibility to form a new kind of EU citizenship is mentioned by the Commission and the European Council.
From these arguments the thesis suggests that a post-national citizenship could provide a new normative model for collective European identity founded on two principles: recognition of the Charter’s values and the residency in the Union. This new form of EU citizenship should be the bedrock of the Community immigration policy. It would diminish the dichotomy between Us and Them and the need for typifications. Thus it would reduce reasons for racism but improve also the integration of third-country nationals in the Union. The future of the EU should include equally all residents of the Union.