A Blockchain-Based Traceability and Arbitration Framework for the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Abstract

We present a blockchain-based traceability framework for pharmaceutical supply chains, equipped with an automated arbitration mechanism. The framework integrates four core components: (i) a blockchain infrastructure that guarantees immutability, transparency and public verifiability of critical supply chain metadata; (ii) a publicly accessible Cryptographically Controlled Append-only Filesystem that enforces cryptographic access control to ensure secure and auditable raw data storage; (iii) a Secure Leader Election protocol that reliably selects an arbitration coordinator under adversarial conditions; and (iv) an automated arbitration protocol that resolves disputes by evaluating evidence drawn from both the blockchain and the publicly accessible filesystem. We formally define the security properties required for the arbitration protocol. Our integrated design establishes a robust foundation for trustworthy, efficient and autonomous governance in pharmaceutical supply chains.