High tolerance of chemolithoautotrophic sulphur oxidizing bacteria towards pulp and paper mill wastewaters and their organic constituents supporting sulphur recovery in alkaline conditions

Abstract

This study reports the tolerance of chemolithoautotrophic biotransformation of sulphurous compounds towards pulp and paper (P&P) mill wastewaters (primary filtrate of bleaching (PFB) and composite wastewater (WW)) and their constituents under haloalkaline conditions. The effects of organic compounds (methanol, acetate, D(+)-xylose, phenol and benzene) that may be present in P&P wastewaters, and yeast extract, a complex organic compound on thiosulphate biotransformation by Thioalkalivibrio versutus were investigated. All experiments were carried out in batch bioassays at pH 10 and 13–23 g Na+/L. Phenol and benzene reduced thiosulphate biotransformation by 88 and 94% at 0.25 and 1 g/L, respectively in 10 days. 20 g/L methanol, 20 g/L yeast extract and 10 g/L xylose reduced the biotransformation by 90, 88 and 56%, respectively. No inhibition of biotransformation occurred with acetate at concentrations up to 20 g/L. The growth was also enhanced by 1 to 10 g/L yeast extract likely serving as additional nutrients. At pH (∼10), the studied organic acids remain mostly unprotonated and, thus control their access through the cell membrane. Therefore, the inaccessibility of these compounds to the cytosol is a likely mechanism for having non-inhibitory effects. The 87% (v/v) WW did not affect thiosulphate biotransformation efficiency while 87% (v/v) PFB reduced it by 36% by day 10. The resistance of T. versutus to common organics present in P&P wastewaters indicates its potential use for sulphur recovery from P&P mill wastewaters at haloalkaline conditions and thus, supports the circular economy approach.