Computed tomography-determined high visceral adipose tissue and sarcopenic obesity and their associations with survival in vulnerable or frail older adults with cancer considered for systemic anticancer treatment

Abstract

Introduction: Treatment decisions are challenging in older adults with solid tumors. Geriatric 8 (G8)-screening and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) are important but additional methods are needed. We examined the association of computed tomography (CT)-derived high visceral adipose tissue index (VATI) with or without low skeletal muscle index (SMI) on three-month and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods: Vulnerability was evaluated with G8 in patients ≥75 years referred for systemic anticancer treatment. Vulnerable/frail patients (G8 ≤ 14) received CGA and were included. VATI and SMI were retrospectively measured from CT scans. We examined associations between high VATI with or without low SMI and three-month and OS with Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier estimation. Results: Seventy-nine patients with median age of 80 (range 75–91) years were evaluated. In the palliative-intent group (n = 58), three-month OS rates were 88 % and 58 % in the normal and high VATI groups, respectively (hazard ratio 4.3; 95 % confidence interval 1.3–14), and 88 % vs. 47 % in group without and with ‘high VATI+low SMI’, respectively (5.5; 1.9–17). The median OS was 12.7 vs. 9.5 months in normal VATI/SMI and ‘high VATI+low SMI’ (1.9; 1.1–3.2), respectively. In Cox multivariable models with established predictive factors (ECOG PS, Clinical Frailty Scale, and sex), only high VATI (4.9; 1.0–24) or ‘high VATI+low SMI’ (8.9; 1.7–46) remained significant predictors of three-month OS. Discussion: High VATI with or without low SMI were associated with impaired three-month OS in the palliative-intent group and with OS in the whole cohort independently of oncologic and geriatric functional status measures; thus, they may aid in treatment decision-making.