3D sensing based on VCSELs and VCSEL arrays

Abstract

Semiconductor laser diodes, and vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in particular, dominate the modern 3D sensing industry due to provision of cost effective, reliable and compact source of coherent light at various wavelengths. As a consequence of rapid adoption of VCSEL arrays in automotive and consumer electronics industries, the fast-rising market for VCSEL arrays is counted in several billions of dollars. Hence, due to the popularity of the topic in both research and industry, the main research objective of the thesis is to review the state-of-the-art of addressable VCSEL arrays and to identify new development opportunities and needs for VCSEL addressable arrays in the commercial global optoelectronics market. Thesis first illuminates the 3D sensing technology and semiconductor lasers. Then, VCSELs and addressable VCSEL arrays are discussed. Thesis then examines the use of VCSEL arrays in 3D sensing and imaging. The state-of-the-art of addressable VCSEL arrays follows, which presents the list of manufacturers, operational wavelengths, threshold currents, power outputs and applications of the addressable VCSEL arrays. Finally, directions for further research and development are highlighted.